January 7th, 2025

8minute read

The Battle of Monte Cassino began on January 17, 1944.

This four-month battle became a meat grinder, resulting in 55,000 Allied and 20,000 German casualties.

On January 20th, the U.S. Armys 36th Division attacked the center attempting to push across the Gari River.

British infantry soldiers are shown clearing buildings in the town of Cassino, Italy, during the Battle of Monte Cassino on 24 March 1944. The soldiers move cautiously through the rubble-strewn streets, reflecting the fierce urban combat that characterized this phase of the battle. Heavily damaged buildings dominate the scene, highlighting the extensive destruction caused by artillery and aerial bombardments. The operation was part of the Allied effort to dislodge German defenders from fortified positions along the Gustav Line. This decisive battle was critical to the eventual Allied breakthrough in the Italian Campaign. The image conveys the intensity and challenges of urban warfare in World War II.

British infantry clearing buildings during the Battle of Monte Cassino in World War II.

Although the American troops fought hard, they suffered at least 1,600 casualties in just 48 hours.

It is believed less than 40 Germans were killed during the same time.

Two more assaults were launched with similar results.

Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring is pictured at Monte Cassino during the Italian Campaign of World War II. Kesselring had initially ordered German forces not to use the historic abbey as a defensive position and formally notified Allied forces of its neutral status. Despite this, the abbey was later bombed by the Allies under the suspicion that German troops were occupying it. Kesselring was a key figure in the defense of the Gustav Line, orchestrating German strategies during the Battle of Monte Cassino. However, he was also responsible for the Ardeatine Massacre, a wartime atrocity in Italy. This image captures the controversial figure whose actions had a significant impact on both the battle and the broader campaign.

Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring ordered German forces not to use the abbey as a defensive position. Kesselring was also responsible for theArdeatine Massacre. Image: Polish National Digital Archives

The losses were so bad, the attack would later be the subject of a Congressional inquiry.

Abbey of Monte Cassino

Situated above the city was the Abbey of Monte Cassino at 520 meters.

There were conflicting reports about whether the Germans were inside the monastery, using it for cover.

United States Army soldiers patrol near the Gustav Line in Italy during the Battle of Monte Cassino, carefully moving past barbed wire defenses. The closest soldier is armed with a Thompson submachine gun, emphasizing the close-quarters combat often encountered in this rugged terrain. The scene captures the tense atmosphere as troops advance cautiously under the constant threat of German counterattacks. Barbed wire and rough terrain reflect the extensive defensive measures employed along the Gustav Line, a key obstacle in the Italian Campaign. The image illustrates the challenges faced by Allied forces as they worked to break through German fortifications. It highlights the determination and bravery of the soldiers during this pivotal battle.

A United States Army patrol moves near the Gustav Line in Italy during early 1944. The soldier on the right carries an M1A1 submachine gun. Image: NARA

Even rumors regarding the location of German troops were believed to be accurate.

The decision to bomb the abbey was made, but is still hotly debated.

Before the bombing, the Allies dropped leaflets with a warning before the attack.

A group of German Fallschirmjäger paratroopers from the 1st Parachute Corps, known as the Green Devils, during the Battle of Monte Cassino in 1944. The soldiers are shown wearing distinctive camouflage smocks and helmets, which were characteristic of their elite status within the German military. They are positioned amidst rocky terrain, indicative of the rugged environment surrounding Monte Cassino and the Gustav Line. These paratroopers played a crucial role in defending the fortified positions against relentless Allied assaults. The image highlights the tenacity and preparedness of German forces during one of the most fiercely contested battles of the Italian Campaign. The Fallschirmjäger’s presence underscores the difficulty the Allies faced in overcoming well-trained and entrenched defenders.

A group of German Fallschirmjäger of the 1st Parachute Corps at the Battle of Monte Cassino. Known as the Green Devils, the paratroopers had a reputation as fierce fighters. Image: Polish National Digital Archives

Italian friends, until this day, we have done everything to avoid bombing the abbey.

But the Germans have taken advantage.

Abandon it at once.

An M10 tank destroyer, manned by the French crew of an Algerian division, fires at German positions during the Battle of Monte Cassino in the Castleforte area. The scene captures the decisive role of Allied armored units in overcoming German defenses along the Gustav Line. The M10, positioned amidst rugged terrain, demonstrates the firepower and versatility used to support ground troops in the intense combat. The involvement of Algerian forces highlights the diverse makeup of the Allied effort during the Italian Campaign. This image reflects the coordination and determination required to break through fortified German strongholds at Monte Cassino.

An M10 tank destroyer, manned by the French crew of an Algerian division, fires on a German position in the opening days of the Battle of Monte Cassino. Image: NARA

Put yourselves in a safe place.

Our warning is urgent.

Between bombing runs, artillery from II Corps continued the assault and pounded the summit.

German Fallschirmjäger paratroopers are positioned within the ruins of Monte Cassino Abbey during the Battle of Monte Cassino, operating an MG42 machine gun. The soldiers lie among the rubble, taking advantage of the abbey’s devastated structure for cover while defending their position on the Gustav Line. The MG42, known for its high rate of fire, was a formidable weapon against advancing Allied forces. The scene reflects the intense combat and strategic use of the abbey as a stronghold despite its destruction by Allied bombing. This image underscores the determination and resourcefulness of German defenders during the prolonged and bloody battle. It highlights the Abbey’s transformation from a historic site to a battleground in the Italian Campaign.

German paratroopers man a machine gun from the ruins of Monte Cassino Abbey. The rubble provided cover and concealment for the defending Fallschirmjäger. Image: IWM

On May 17, The Polish II Corps launched another attack on the abbey.

German artillery and mortar fire battered the Polish troops, and a fierce battle with hand-to-hand combat raged on.

But at what cost?

A German observer uses Scherenfernrohr SF14ZGi scissor binoculars, equipped with sun visors and camouflaged with fabric, during the Battle of Monte Cassino. Positioned on the slope of Monte Cassino hill, the observer utilizes the specialized binoculars to survey Allied movements while remaining concealed. The Scherenfernrohr, a critical tool for artillery and battlefield reconnaissance, allowed for precise and covert observations in challenging combat environments. The camouflage fabric blends with the rugged terrain, reflecting the strategic use of stealth by German forces defending the Gustav Line. This image illustrates the high level of preparation and technology employed in the German defensive effort. It underscores the intense observational and tactical challenges during the prolonged battle in the Italian Campaign.

A German observer uses Scherenfernrohr SF14ZGi scissor binoculars, equipped with sun visors and camouflaged with fabric, during the Battle of Monte Cassino. Image: Polish National Digital Archives

The restored entrance to Monte Cassino Abbey stands as a symbol of resilience and historical preservation following its destruction during the Battle of Monte Cassino in World War II. The modern reconstruction faithfully recreates the abbey’s original architectural grandeur, reflecting its significance as a spiritual and cultural landmark. The entrance, surrounded by serene landscapes, contrasts sharply with the devastation it endured during the Allied bombing in 1944. This site now serves as a memorial to the intense combat and the lives lost during the battle. The restored abbey continues to attract visitors, commemorating its role in the Italian Campaign and its recovery from the scars of war.

The restored entrance of Monte Cassino Abbey, rebuilt after its destruction during the Battle of Monte Cassino in 1944, stands as a testament to resilience and historical preservation.

A historic view of the Benedictine Abbey on Monte Cassino Hill, captured before its destruction during the Allied bombing in 1944. The photograph shows the abbey’s original architecture, with part of the courtyard visible, surrounded by the serene landscape of the hill. This pre-war view highlights the abbey’s significance as a center of faith and cultural heritage for centuries. The structure stands intact and majestic, a stark contrast to the ruins it became during the Battle of Monte Cassino. This image serves as a reminder of the profound loss of historic sites during wartime and the importance of their preservation.

A historic view of the Benedictine Abbey on Monte Cassino Hill, captured before its destruction during the Allied bombing in 1944. Image: Polish National Digital Archives

A primitive hut constructed between rocks by German soldiers during the Battle of Monte Cassino, providing basic shelter on the front lines. Two soldiers are visible in the scene, seated and eating a meal amidst the rugged terrain. The makeshift structure reflects the harsh conditions faced by both sides during the prolonged battle for control of the Gustav Line. The rocky surroundings emphasize the challenging environment of Monte Cassino, which played a significant role in the defensive strategies of the German forces. This image captures a moment of respite amidst the intense combat of the Italian Campaign.

Having constructed a basic shelter among rocks, two German soldiers eat a meal during a pause in the fighting near the abbey. Image: Polish National Digital Archives

A Vickers machine gun crew from the 2nd New Zealand Division operates their weapon during attacks on German positions at Monte Cassino. The soldiers are focused on their task, positioned behind the gun as they provide suppressing fire to support the Allied advance against the heavily fortified Gustav Line. The rugged terrain and rubble in the background highlight the challenging conditions of the battle. The Vickers machine gun, known for its reliability, played a crucial role in the prolonged and intense fighting at Monte Cassino. This image illustrates the dedication and teamwork of the New Zealand forces during a pivotal moment in the Italian Campaign.

AVickers machine guncrew of the 2nd New Zealand Division in action during attacks on German positions at Monte Cassino. Image: NARA

A B-26 Marauder aircraft, serial number 42-107536, from the 17th Bomb Group of the 12th Air Force, flies past the ruins of Monte Cassino Abbey during the Battle of Monte Cassino in 1944. The aircraft is captured in mid-flight against a backdrop of the heavily bombed and crumbled monastery atop Monte Cassino. The abbey’s ruins reflect the devastation caused by Allied bombing in an effort to weaken German defensive positions on the Gustav Line. The B-26 Marauder was a medium bomber used extensively in the Italian Campaign for precision strikes. This photograph illustrates the critical role of airpower in the prolonged and costly battle. It also underscores the significant destruction endured by one of Italy’s historic landmarks during World War II.

A B-26 Marauder (serial number 42-107536) of the 17th Bomb Group, 12th Air Force in flight past the ruins of Monte Cassino Abbey, 1944. Image: NARA

An aerial view captures the explosion at Monte Cassino Abbey during the Battle of Monte Cassino as seen from a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress in 1944. The photograph shows a massive cloud of smoke rising 1,500 feet into the air, a result of ammunition detonating within the abbey’s east wing. This dramatic moment revealed the use of the historic structure as a fortified German military installation. The bombing involved coordinated strikes by B-17 Flying Fortresses, North American B-25 Mitchells, and Martin B-26 Marauders to weaken the German stronghold on the Gustav Line. The scene illustrates the scale of destruction and the intensity of the Allied campaign to break through German defenses in the Italian Campaign. The image highlights the pivotal role of airpower in one of the war’s most contested battles.

This view of the bombing of the Monte Cassino Abbey shows a large explosion in the east wing. At the time, it was believed to have been German ammunition storage that had been hit. Image: NARA

The ruins of the Monte Cassino monastery stand as a stark reminder of the intense fighting during the Battle of Monte Cassino in 1944. Once a historic and sacred site, the monastery lies in complete devastation, with crumbled walls and scattered debris dominating the landscape. This destruction resulted from heavy Allied bombing and prolonged combat as part of the effort to break through the German-held Gustav Line. The image reflects the immense toll of war on cultural and historical landmarks during the Italian Campaign. Despite the destruction, the monastery’s ruins became a symbol of resilience and the Allied commitment to advancing in the face of fierce German resistance. The scene is both haunting and emblematic of the high cost of the prolonged battle.

The ruins of the monastery after the fighting ended. While questions remain about the necessity of the abbey’s bombing, there is little doubt about the damage done. Image: Polish National Digital Archives

An M4 Sherman tank of the Independent 2nd Armored Brigade, part of the 2nd Polish Corps, advances during the Battle of Monte Cassino. Commanded by Lieutenant Edward Budzianowski, the tank moves toward the “Gardziela” alongside sappers to support Allied efforts against German positions. The scene reflects the critical role played by Polish forces in breaking through the heavily fortified Gustav Line. The rugged terrain and military equipment highlight the challenges faced in this intense and decisive phase of the Italian Campaign. This image underscores the bravery and contribution of the 2nd Polish Corps in the Allied victory at Monte Cassino.

The Independent 2nd Armored Brigade of the 2nd Polish Corps advances during the Battle of Monte Cassino. Sappers catch a ride on this M4 Sherman tank. Image: Polish National Digital Archives

Polish soldiers of the 2nd Polish Corps assault German positions during the Battle of Monte Cassino, using grenades and rifle fire to advance under heavy resistance. The intense combat takes place amidst rugged terrain, with debris and rocky outcroppings providing cover for both sides. This action was part of the Allied effort to breach the Gustav Line and capture the strategically vital monastery atop Monte Cassino Hill. The image captures the determination and bravery of Polish troops, who played a pivotal role in the eventual Allied victory. It highlights the fierce and close-quarters nature of the fighting that defined this critical phase of the Italian Campaign.

Polish soldiers of the 2nd Polish Corps assault German positions during the Battle of Monte Cassino, using grenades and rifle fire to advance under heavy resistance. Image: Polish National Digital Archives

The 4th New Zealand Armoured Brigade enters the ruins of Monte Cassino Monastery following the Battle of Monte Cassino in 1944. A jeep and M4 Sherman tanks are visible amidst the rubble, emphasizing the extensive destruction of the historic site after prolonged combat and Allied bombing. The scene marks the brigade’s significant contribution to the Allied breakthrough of the Gustav Line, a key victory in the Italian Campaign. The ruined monastery symbolizes the fierce resistance encountered and the high cost of the battle. This image highlights the pivotal role of New Zealand forces in securing the strategically vital position.

The M4 Sherman tanks of the 4th New Zealand Armoured Brigade enters the ruins of Monte Cassino monastery. The Allied breakthrough of the Gustav Line was key in the Italian Campaign. Image: NARA

Officer Cadet Jerzy Lesiak of the 6th Armoured Regiment, part of the 2nd Warsaw Armoured Brigade in the 2nd Polish Corps, is shown aiming his Thompson submachine gun at a German sniper during the Battle of Monte Cassino. The sniper, positioned in the ruins of his bunker, signals surrender by waving a white flag. The scene captures a tense yet pivotal moment in the fierce fighting that defined this phase of the Italian Campaign. The rugged and war-torn environment highlights the challenges faced by Polish forces as they advanced on fortified German positions. This image illustrates the bravery and resolve of the 2nd Polish Corps in their critical role in the Allied victory.

An officer of the Polish 6th Armored Regiment takes a German sniper prisoner during the Battle of Monte Cassino. Image: Polish National Digital Archives

A 3-inch mortar crew from No. 2771 Field Squadron of the RAF Regiment fires at enemy positions from a ravine on the Colle Belvedere, north of Cassino, during the Battle of Monte Cassino. The soldiers work methodically, surrounded by rugged terrain that provides both cover and challenges in the midst of the intense fighting. The mortar’s high-explosive rounds were vital in targeting German fortifications along the Gustav Line. The ravine setting emphasizes the strategic use of natural features in the Allied advance during the Italian Campaign. This image showcases the critical role of artillery support in overcoming entrenched German resistance at Monte Cassino.

A 3″ mortar crew of No. 2771 Field Squadron RAF Regiment bombard German positions from a ravine. Image: IWM

German prisoners of war, captured by Polish soldiers during the Battle of Monte Cassino, stand in a group under Allied supervision. The expressions on their faces reflect exhaustion and resignation after the intense fighting along the Gustav Line. Polish troops played a decisive role in the final assaults that led to the capture of Monte Cassino, contributing significantly to the Allied breakthrough in the Italian Campaign. The rugged terrain and scattered debris visible in the background underscore the harsh conditions of the battle. This image highlights the pivotal role of the 2nd Polish Corps in securing victory and the human toll of the prolonged conflict

German prisoners of war, captured by Polish soldiers during the Battle of Monte Cassino, stand in a group under Allied supervision. Image: Polish National Digital Archives

A group of German prisoners walks along a narrow mountain path on their way to captivity during the Battle of Monte Cassino. The soldier on the right is identifiable by a map case strapped to his side and a visible parachutist’s badge, indicating he is a member of the elite Fallschirmjäger paratroopers. The rugged terrain emphasizes the challenges of the Italian Campaign, where mountainous landscapes played a significant role in the defensive strategies of the German forces. The prisoners appear weary, reflecting the intense combat that led to their capture during the Allied push to break through the Gustav Line. This image captures a moment of transition as the tide of battle shifts in favor of the Allies.

A group of German prisoners walks along a narrow mountain path on their way to captivity. The soldier on the right has a map case and a visible parachutist’s badge. Image: Polish National Digital Archives

Captured German parachute troops, known as Fallschirmjäger, are seen filing past a Sherman tank of the New Zealand 4th Armoured Brigade on Via Caira in Cassino on 16 March 1944. The paratroopers, part of the German forces defending the Gustav Line, appear subdued as they move under Allied guard following their capture. The Sherman tank in the background underscores the significant role of armored units in the Allied efforts to secure Cassino during the Battle of Monte Cassino. The scene reflects the intense and costly fighting that ultimately led to the German withdrawal. This moment highlights the turning point in the Italian Campaign as Allied forces pushed toward victory.

Captured German parachute troops file past an M4 Sherman tank of the New Zealand 4th Armoured Brigade. The Fallschirmjäger were part of the German forces defending the Gustav Line. Image: NARA

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